公路通行能力手册

Subcommittee on Arterials (continued)

Dennis Strong, Strong Concepts

Andrzej Tarko, Purdue University

Mark Vandehey, Kittelson & Associates, Inc.

Subcommittee on Concepts and Definitions

Barbara Ostrom, LAW PCS—Chair

Fred L. Hall, McMaster University, Canada

Doug McLeod, Florida Department of Transportation

Stan Teply, University of Alberta, Canada

Subcommittee on Freeways and Multilane Highways

Adolf D. May, University of California at Berkeley—Group Leader, Uninterrupted Flow

Nagui Rouphail, North Carolina State University—Group Leader, Uninterrupted Flow

Lily Elefteriadou, Pennsylvania State University—Leader, Ramp and Weaving Junctions

James Schoen, Catalina Engineering, Inc.—Leader, Basic Freeway Segments and Multilane Highways

Michael Cassidy, University of California at Berkeley

Michael Church, California Department of Transportation

Brian Eads, Crawford, Murphy & Tilly, Inc.

Lily Elefteriadou, Pennsylvania State University

Joseph Fazio, Illinois Institute of Technology

Fred L. Hall, McMaster University, Canada

Abdul-Rahman Hamad, H.W. Lochner, Inc.

Lee Han, University of Tennessee

Joel Leisch, Consultant

John Leonard, Georgia Institute of Technology

Barbara Ostrom, LAW PCS

Thomas Parlante, Arizona Department of Transportation

Ronald Pfefer, Northwestern University

William Prosser, Federal Highway Administration

William Reilly, Catalina Engineering, Inc.

Bruce Robinson, Kittelson & Associates, Inc.

Roger Roess, Polytechnic University

Fred Rooney, California Department of Transportation

Rikke Rysgaard, Danish Road Directorate

James Schoen, Catalina Engineering, Inc.

Ronald Sonntag, Marquette University

Andrzej Tarko, Purdue University

Michelle Thomas, Federal Highway Administration

Jose Ulerio, Polytechnic University

Tom Urbanik, Texas A & M University

Subcommittee on Interchange Ramp Terminals

James Powell, Parsons Transportation Group—Chair

James Bonneson, Texas A & M University

Robert Bryson, City of Milwaukee

Michael Church, California Department of Transportation

Thomas Creasey, Jordan, Jones & Goulding, Inc.

Janice Daniel, New Jersey Institute of Technology

6

CONTENTS

PREFACE	vii
CONTRIBUTORS AND ACKNOWLEDGMENTS	ix

PART I: OVERVIEW

1. INTRODUCTION	1-1
2. CAPACITY AND LEVEL-OF-SERVICE CONCEPTS	2-1
3. APPLICATIONS	3-1
4. DECISION MAKING	4-1
5. GLOSSARY	5-1
6. SYMBOLS	6-1

PART II: CONCEPTS

7. TRAFFIC FLOW PARAMETERS	7-1
8. TRAFFIC CHARACTERISTICS	8-1
9. ANALYTICAL PROCEDURES OVERVIEW	9-1
10. URBAN STREET CONCEPTS	10-1
11. PEDESTRIAN AND BICYCLE CONCEPTS	11-1
12. HIGHWAY CONCEPTS	12-1
13. FREEWAY CONCEPTS	13-1
14. TRANSIT CONCEPTS	14-1

PART III: METHODOLOGIES

15. URBAN STREETS	15-1
16. SIGNALIZED INTERSECTIONS	16-1
17. UNSIGNALIZED INTERSECTIONS	17-1
18. PEDESTRIANS	18-1
19. BICYCLES	19-1
20. TWO-LANE HIGHWAYS	20-1
21. MULTILANE HIGHWAYS	21-1
22. FREEWAY FACILITIES	22-1
23. BASIC FREEWAY SEGMENTS	23-1
24. FREEWAY WEAVING	24-1
25. RAMPS AND RAMP JUNCTIONS	25-1
26. INTERCHANGE RAMP TERMINALS	26-1
27. TRANSIT	27-1

PART IV: CORRIDOR AND AREAWIDE ANALYSES

28. ASSESSMENT OF MULTIPLE FACILITIES	28-1
29. CORRIDOR ANALYSIS	29-1
30. AREAWIDE ANALYSIS	30-1

PART V: SIMULATION AND OTHER MODELS

31. SIMULATION AND OTHER MODELS

31-1

2

PREFACE

The Transportation Research Board's (TRB's) Highway Capacity Manual (HCM) provides a collection of state-of-the-art techniques for estimating the capacity and determining the level of service for transportation facilities, including intersections and roadways as well as facilities for transit, bicycles, and pedestrians. For more than 50 years, the HCM has fulfilled this goal, earning a unique place in the esteem of the transportation community.

Developed and revised under the direction of the TRB Committee on Highway Capacity and Quality of Service, this newest edition, HCM 2000, presents the best available techniques for determining capacity and level of service for transportation facilities at the start of the new millennium. However, this comprehensive manual does not establish a legal standard for highway design or construction.

HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE

Originally published in 1950, the HCM was the first document to quantify the concept of capacity for transportation facilities. The 1965 edition in turn was the first to define the concept of level of service, which has become the foundation for determining the adequacy of transportation facilities from the perspectives of planning, design, and operations. The 1985 edition, along with its 1994 and 1997 updates, is TRB's most widely used document. Translated into several languages, it has become the standard reference on capacity and level-of-service procedures, relied on by transportation analysts around the world.

DEVELOPMENT OF HCM 2000

To produce HCM 2000, TRB's Committee on Highway Capacity and Quality of Service developed a comprehensive program of research. The research was implemented through the funding efforts of the National Cooperative Highway Research Program (NCHRP) and the Transit Cooperative Research Program. In addition, the Federal Highway Administration supported TRB with a variety of research endeavors. These combined efforts produced the basic research reviewed by the committee and incorporated into HCM 2000.

All of the research results contributing to HCM 2000 underwent an iterative and interactive review. When a funded research project was completed, the group that guided its development—for example, an NCHRP panel—reviewed the findings first. If accepted by the group, the research was then presented for consideration by one of the 12 working subcommittees of the Highway Capacity and Quality of Service Committee. The subcommittee, including several committee members as well as other active professionals, then provided its recommendations to the full committee. The final approval for each chapter of HCM 2000 rested with the Highway Capacity and Quality of Service Committee, composed of 30 members representing the research community, government agencies, and private industry.

CONTENTS OF HCM 2000

The Highway Capacity Manual 2000 represents a significant revision and expansion of the material provided in previous editions. The manual has grown from 14 to 31 chapters. These chapters are divided into five parts:

I. Overview,

II. Concepts,

III. Methodologies,

IV. Corridor and Areawide Analyses, and

V. Simulation and Other Models.

Parts I and III contain information that corresponds to the contents of previous editions. Part II provides concepts and estimated default values for use in planning-level

analytical work. Part IV presents computational techniques and general analysis guidelines for corridor and areawide analyses. Part V offers background and information on alternative models that may be appropriate for systemwide or more complex analyses.

A companion version of the manual is available in CD-ROM, including tutorials and video clips to enhance the communication of the concepts. In addition, there are links between the text and the glossary to facilitate understanding of the manual by less-experienced users.

SPECIAL ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

HCM 2000 incorporates significant advances in the state of knowledge in determining capacity and quality-of-service values for all modes of surface transportation.

Hundreds of professionals have volunteered their time and energy to the work of the Committee on Highway Capacity and Quality of Service. Twice every year, the committee meets to perform a major review of relevant research and to identify new research needs in response to changes in roadway design standards, driver behavior, and vehicle operating characteristics.

Members of the committee and its subcommittees are listed on pages ii–vii. Special recognition is extended to those who have chaired the committee: O.K. Normann, Carl C. Saal, Robert C. Blumenthal, James H. Kell, Carlton C. Robinson, and Adolf D. May. In acknowledgment of their sustained contributions to the committee and to the development of HCM 2000, Robinson and May have been designated members emeritus of the committee.

Complementing the volunteer efforts vital to the work of the committee, TRB staff has provided outstanding support. Special thanks are given to Richard Cunard, Engineer of Traffic and Operations, and to B. Ray Derr, NCHRP Senior Program Officer, for their contributions.

The Committee on Highway Capacity and Quality of Service invites comments and suggestions on HCM 2000 while continuing its mission of enhancing and improving the design, operation, and planning of transportation facilities.

John D. Zegeer

Chairman, TRB Committee on Highway Capacity and Quality of Service

4

CONTRIBUTORS AND ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

HCM 2000 is the result of the coordinated efforts of many individuals, groups, research organizations, and government agencies. The TRB Committee on Highway Capacity and Quality of Service is responsible for the content of the Highway Capacity Manual; preparation of the volume was accomplished through the efforts of the following groups and individuals:

TRB COMMITTEE ON HIGHWAY CAPACITY AND QUALITY OF SERVICE

(Members as of January 31, 2000)

John Zeeger, Kittelson & Associates, Inc.—Chairman

Richard Dowling, Dowling Associates, Inc.—Secretary

James Bonneson, Texas A & M University

Werner Brilon, Ruhr University, Bochum, Germany

Robert Bryson, City of Milwaukee

Kenneth Courage, University of Florida

Alan Danaher, Kittelson & Associates, Inc.

Rafael DeArroza, Florida Department of Transportation

Lily Elefteriadou, Pennsylvania State University

Dan Fambro, Texas A & M University (deceased)

Ronald Giguere, Federal Highway Administration

Albert Grover, Albert Grover & Associates

Mariano Gullón Löw, Centro de Estudios de Carreteras (deceased)

Fred L. Hall, McMaster University, Canada

Douglas Harwood, Midwest Research Institute

Chris Hoban, The World Bank

Wayne Kittelson, Kittelson & Associates, Inc.

Michael Kyte, University of Idaho

Adolf D. May, University of California at Berkeley

Douglas McLeod, Florida Department of Transportation

Barbara Ostrom, LAW PCS

James Powell, Parsons Transportation Group

Nagui Rouphail, North Carolina State University

Erik Ruehr, Valley Research and Planning Associates

Rikke Rysgaard, Danish Road Directorate

James Schoen, Catalina Engineering, Inc.

Alex Sorton, Northwestern University

Dennis Strong, Strong Concepts

Stan Teply, University of Alberta, Canada

Rod Troutbeck, Queensland University of Technology, Australia

Richard Cunard, Transportation Research Board Staff Representative

Emeritus Members

(As of February 1, 2000)

Adolf D. May, University of California at Berkeley

Carlton C. Robinson, Consultant

Subcommittee on Arterials

James Bonneson, Texas A & M University—Chair

Janice Daniel, New Jersey Institute of Technology

Ronald Giguere, Federal Highway Administration

Joel Marcuson, Sverdrup Civil, Inc.

Doug McLeod, Florida Department of Transportation

(continued)

5

Subcommittee on Arterials (continued)

Dennis Strong, Strong Concepts

Andrzej Tarko, Purdue University

Mark Vandehey, Kittelson & Associates, Inc.

Subcommittee on Concepts and Definitions

Barbara Ostrom, LAW PCS—Chair

Fred L. Hall, McMaster University, Canada

Doug McLeod, Florida Department of Transportation

Stan Teply, University of Alberta, Canada

Subcommittee on Freeways and Multilane Highways

Adolf D. May, University of California at Berkeley—Group Leader, Uninterrupted Flow

Nagui Rouphail, North Carolina State University—Group Leader, Uninterrupted Flow

Lily Elefteriadou, Pennsylvania State University—Leader, Ramp and Weaving Junctions

James Schoen, Catalina Engineering, Inc.—Leader, Basic Freeway Segments and Multilane Highways

Michael Cassidy, University of California at Berkeley

Michael Church, California Department of Transportation

Brian Eads, Crawford, Murphy & Tilly, Inc.

Lily Elefteriadou, Pennsylvania State University

Joseph Fazio, Illinois Institute of Technology

Fred L. Hall, McMaster University, Canada

Abdul-Rahman Hamad, H.W. Lochner, Inc.

Lee Han, University of Tennessee

Joel Leisch, Consultant

John Leonard, Georgia Institute of Technology

Barbara Ostrom, LAW PCS

Thomas Parlante, Arizona Department of Transportation

Ronald Pfefer, Northwestern University

William Prosser, Federal Highway Administration

William Reilly, Catalina Engineering, Inc.

Bruce Robinson, Kittelson & Associates, Inc.

Roger Roess, Polytechnic University

Fred Rooney, California Department of Transportation

Rikke Rysgaard, Danish Road Directorate

James Schoen, Catalina Engineering, Inc.

Ronald Sonntag, Marquette University

Andrzej Tarko, Purdue University

Michelle Thomas, Federal Highway Administration

Jose Ulerio, Polytechnic University

Tom Urbanik, Texas A & M University

Subcommittee on Interchange Ramp Terminals

James Powell, Parsons Transportation Group—Chair

James Bonneson, Texas A & M University

Robert Bryson, City of Milwaukee

Michael Church, California Department of Transportation

Thomas Creasey, Jordan, Jones & Goulding, Inc.

Janice Daniel, New Jersey Institute of Technology

6